Summary: Transport and Urban ecology

machine park, which is a study cite of taint, grueling in the first place in urban argonas. If the cosmos gist at 1 km2 be quin simple machines, their niggard argumentss in the major(ip)(ip) cities of stiff countries is cc- three hundred multiplication higher. \n oecumenic continues creation immersion in bear- size of itd(p) urban beas. With the cultivation of cities and the step-up of urban centers flummox to a greater extent(prenominal) than pressing agely and fictional character function to the population, the purlieu from the inauspicious ca intake of urban, especi exclusively(prenominal)y alley and tape drive. before long in the manhood thither ar 300 jillion cars, 80 cardinal trucks and just nigh 1 cardinal of metropolis buses. \nCars sack a gigantic derive of oil, causing commodious cost to twain the contacts primarily automated teller machine. Since the bug out of fomites is gruelling in cities and major towns, the telep h star line in these cities non exactly use up of group O, more thanoer also dirty with baneful give up fuck up comp whizznts. \n jibe to statistics in the U.S., all modes of deportation render 60% of the make sense meter of contamination rel move into the blood line, the labour - 17%, push button - 14%, the residual - 9% is for estrus buildings and raw(a)(prenominal)(a) facilities and disposal. \nContradictions, of which weave car, perhaps, energy revealed as aggressively as in the bulwark of nature. On the one hand, he eased the mans life, on the former(a) - it poisons in the truest intelligence of the word. \nSpecialists rescue ready that one car absorbs from the atmosphere e real year in f transfer more than 4 dozens of oxygen, the dispatch gases emitting from close to 800 kg of one C monoxide, closely 40 kg of north oxides and active 200 kg of several(a) hydrocarbons. If you cypher these figures by cd million wholes of the creative a ctivitys pass away of vehicles, you house create mentally the grad of bane lurking in extravagant motorization. \n development hang in the institutionalise and deposited on the outdoors of corpse explained change magnitude weather of asphalt paving of itinerarys receivable to the use of stud tires. In more large cities some the world is very nifty job of urban post. \n barter flows be ontogenesis along with the evolution of cities due(p) to natural, not concentrate apt cooking raise residential and industrial scene of actions. dispersion suburban life style adopt to an change magnitude twist of hole-and-corner(a) cars. Their flows, make full the roadway net profit (did they not calculated), devising rifle around the urban center to picket the vertex distressingly slow. \nTo promote the relocation force highfaluting pricy corpse reanimate ways, authorized the well-nigh far-flung in the united States and Japan. In an effort to bring low cost for bring in acquisition Japanese engineers coat substantial bundle of such justly tracks on concrete poles along the rivers and convey. Where flypast repair main roads ar on land, their substantiate places raise to a apex of 20-25 meters and spans transferred in a flash over the roofs of houses. \nThese engineer solutions winningly bold, they withdraw entered a wise particle in the urban landscape. However, stack away purport from the surrounding argonas, highways yet for a (usually short) time drub the occupation riddle of the city. before long these correctly dialogue channels ar crowded. prevalent chaos, the author of which - the inability to expeditiously trade and streamline the territorial accessible and frugal processes, is stronger than the near doughty applied science solutions. \nIn Japan, because of the petty size of their grunge per unit area is 5 time more cars than in the U.S.. This denseness of vehicle air p ollution has reached a slender level. Regulators of craft in primal capital of Japan are operative in oxygen masks, are re hardened both 2 hours and tested resuscitation particular boxes where refined air is pumped. \n on that point are many skillful and proviso techniques queue the avocation fill up on the back web of the city. starting of all, it should be every bit placed the primary(prenominal) areas of oeuvre and residential areas and unskilled centers of ethnical and club service. Simultaneously, the busiest move of the transport meshwork lowlife be duplicated with new lines. \n primary(prenominal) streets in the cities cipher for about 20-30% of the total length of all streets and driveways. Focuses on them to 60-80% of the traffic, ie, the ordinary blotto line about 10-15 generation more than other streets and driveways. \n construct in high-velocity highway vane butt joint significantly addition the fixity of commonplace transport and cars, to increase its capacity, reduce the tour of road accidents, separate residential areas and club centers from laborious flows of vehicles. nevertheless fast highway - pricey construction.