African-American History Since 1877

Film Analysis Gregory Hamlin HIST 222. African-American History Since 1877 Professor Alli Chambers American Military University October 14, 2012 Documentary Film Analysis Worksheet History 222 – African American History Since 1877 Instructions: †¢ You will find the list of films you can choose from in the assignment section of the course. †¢ Go to the list and pick your film. You must view the entire film. If you can’t access films because of deployment, geographic location, or other reasons, please let your instructor know so they can give you an alternate assignment. Please type you answers into this sheet. You must submit the worksheet two ways: 1) upload the worksheet as a Word document 2) cut and paste your answers into the student response box for the assignment. †¢ You must answer in complete sentences, using a short answer/paragraph format. 1. What is the title of the film you picked? The title of the film I picked was â€Å"A Class Divided†. 2. Why did you pick this film over the others offered? The reason I picked this film was because of the message it offered. The message was brought about at a time where most people who agreed with the message were a minority.This message changed the individual’s lives that were part of the documentary. 3. What is/are the central message(s) of this documentary/fictional film? Be specific. Use examples from the film to support your choice. The central message of this documentary was to never discriminate. â€Å"Discrimination is the treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit† (Discrimination).Discrimination can come in a variety of ways, such as racial or sexual discrimination. The discrimination that was most talked about in this film was racial discrimination. In 1968 a teacher by the name of Jane Elliot asked her students what they thought of other racial groups such as African Americans and Native Americans. They stated that they were dumb and explained the different obscenities that were thrown at them. In response, the teacher from the film set up a scenario where she divided her class into two groups according to eye color.There was a brown eye color group and a blue eye color group. She told the class that the blue eye color group was more superior to the brown eye color group. The brown eye color group was not as smart, they could not use the water fountain, and the blue eye color group had extra time for recess. This caused the brown eye color group to be unfocused, unhappy, and humiliated. The next day the teacher switched the groups around so that the blue eye color group was the more superior. This caused the blue eye color group to feel the same as the blue eye color group the previous day.At the end of this scenario she asked both groups how it felt when they were the l ess superior group. They stated that they did not like it and they hated being separated from their peers. Then she asked them should they treat people with a different color differently and they stated no. Then she asked should they treat people of a different skin color different, they gave the same response (Peters). This taught the children not to discriminate against anyone and they learned not to discriminate by playing those scenarios.This message was incredibly strong. 4. Consider the effectiveness of the film for this history class. What are its strengths and weaknesses of this film in documenting history? The effectiveness of this film is very strong because of the fact it shows that we all deserve to be treated equally. This is important to this history class because in the lessons we learn during this class deal with Civil or Equal rights of all Americans. The film was a documentary about the lessons a classroom of children and adults learned from a teacher about discrim ination.No one should be discriminated against. The only weakness I saw in this film was that the studies that were done transpired in a prominently white community where they do not deal with other minorities on a day to day basis. Due to this fact, the study is not as realistic as it could have been if it were to transpire in a community where there is more diversity. 5. How do you think the filmmakers want the audience to respond? Is there a social justice message? If so, what is it? I think the filmmakers wanted the audience to respond to this film positively.The documentary had to be a breath of fresh air during the time frame it was produced. It was created during a time were discrimination and prejudice was very common among whites and minorities. The social justice message is to treat everyone equally and do not discriminate based on the color of one’s skin. 6. Did the documentary leave you with any unanswered questions? If so, what were they? An unanswered question I had about this documentary was whether or not the teacher experienced seeing minorities treated a certain way that made her want to teach others to never discriminate against one another?Did her parents raise her to treat everyone equally or is this something she wanted to do on her own? 7. How did this film change any misconceptions or stereotypes you had about the subject matter? If so, what were they? This film did not change any misconceptions or stereotypes I had about the subject of discrimination. I was raised in the south where I have faced discrimination from white people. I have also become friends with white people who do not discriminate at all and were raised with the same values instilled in them as some of the individuals from this film. 8.What is the most important thing you learned from watching the film? The most important thing I learned from this film is that there are people out there who genuinely care for others and how they feel. This teacher from Idaho did not have to teach those children that discrimination was incorrect. She just genuinely cared for these children to grow with good moral values. 9. Why is this film important to understanding contemporary African American History? This film is important to understanding contemporary African American History because discrimination was huge issue during the Civil Rights Movement.It took men like Martin Luther King to stand up for minorities and speak out against discrimination and other various issues. As a result the Civil Rights Act of 1964 came about that put an end to lawful discrimination. Bibliography Discrimination. Dictionary. com.  © Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.. http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/discrimination (accessed: October 14, 2012). Peters, William. â€Å"A Class Divided. † Recorded March 26 1985. Web, http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=GouGUeB3fYs.

Eating with Your Hands Essay

Society today is one big melting pot. People bring their customs and cultural traditions and it conglomerates with others creating these norms we follow. We live by, what time has created over time, a status quo, or social rights and wrongs. In the passage, Eating with Your Hands, the author opens the topic about etiquette, one of the major social controversies. She talks about why some foods are only acceptable to be eaten with proper utensils while others can be â€Å"finger food†. It’s true—but why is that a known rule? And why is it frowned upon? The passage has some background history of people groups within certain countries eating food with their hands, and how it almost gives an individual a better sense of what he or she is eating. The author brings up how it’s the meeting of the soul and the skin; whereas silverware places a distance between you and your food. She compares it to that of two people making love—giving food and yourself an intimate relationship. I got the sense that society has changed the soul and feeling behind food and meals due to the kosher norms of modern day etiquette. Personally I have never given thought to how I eat my food in comparison with other cultures. Growing up in twenty-first century America I have always eaten the way I’m â€Å"supposed† to; I never gave it a second thought. My culture has almost given me tunnel vision, letting me focus only on what I know as acceptable or natural. This topic opens my mind to what else I might be blinded to. I have never explored what other cultures grow accustomed to like religion, style, relationships, family dynamics or even school. I have always considered myself incredibly fortunate for the life I live, and therefore I never examined the varying cultural aspects of differing nations or people groups. As far as the message of society erasing the intimacy of our meals to ourselves, I can absolutely sympathize with the author’s thoughts. In retrospect, the singular thing that could most certainly bring my family together was the warm meal that awaited us. The physicality of sharing a meal together provided each of us the opportunities to engage, with every member of my family, our singular experiences. Food is a social activity! Assuredly, eating is an activity. When an individual goes out with his or her friends, more often than not they all get dinner together. When one throws a birthday party, a favorite restaurant or catering or favorite home-cooked meal is involved. Social interactions like dating usually incorporate food of some sort. In the generation of everything digital, it is common to take a picture of a meal and post it to a social media. Food has always been a part of social interaction. I do think that society has put a strain on the comfort of eating how we desire, without our conscious recognition. Perhaps because we grew up learning that we couldn’t eat spaghetti with both hands.

History of the 2nd Amendment of the Constitution Research Paper

History of the 2nd Amendment of the Constitution - Research Paper Example It is no wonder that different times have seen different interpretations of the statutes of the constitution in accordance with the needs and cognizance of the ruling class, and to a lesser extent, the citizens of the United States. What the founders of the nation meant by those statues, for the most part, has been lost to the numerous changes in the application of the Constitution. The text that is written, and the effects of it on the general public, can be so different from each other sometimes that leaves one wondering if indeed the Constitution itself had been followed. This is not only true for the Constitution, but for all forms of Law, be they judiciary, civil, or criminal. To some extent, it is explainable and even expected; given the rate at which the society is developing, and the sophistication and complexity that it is bringing with itself in every field and sector, it is imperative that changes in the context of established laws would take place. It is legal too, as long as such changes do not repeal the said laws in their entirety. Perhaps the article of law from the Constitution that has been the subject of most controversies, and is, paradoxically the most under-researched and less studied is the 2nd Amendment (Subcommittee on the Constitution). And perhaps it deals with the most controversial of the topics; the bearing of arms, as regards to th e current state of unrest and rampant threats of terrorism all over the nation. Hence, one can safely assume that what this amendment stands for today might not have been what it was aimed for when it was drafted, or even why the need to draft such a bill came into existence to begin with. These issues require an in-depth study of the amendment; what is most important in this case is the history of the 2nd amendment rather than its present form or its present context. This is because through the examination and understanding of the history o f this amendment can we hope to unearth its true meaning, context, and need for enactment, which will point the way to its proper application today. This in itself is important because there has been much debate over the meaning of the exact wordings of this amendment, which have caused a great deal of concern and argument in the recent times (U.S. Constitution Online). This has led to discrepancies in the court decisions among the different sta tes and different courts of the country. Maybe by studying the history of the amendment, it can be hoped to draft a unified meaning to this pertinent amendment with the aim of bringing harmony and unity to the court decisions and among the legal bodies, scholars, experts, and critics dealing with this amendment. This paper aims at discussing the history o f the 2nd amendment of the U.S. Constitution, bringing to light the many aspects of its blurred history, comparing it with the present day version of the different terms used in this amendment, and trying to established a set meaning to the amendment itself. The basic question to be answered would be: what the writers of the Constitution meant when they wrote the 2nd amendment. As will be seen from the study in the subsequent pages, there are quite a number of shades to its history, many of them quite controversial. We will begin by stating the 2nd amendment in its current form: â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to t he security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.† (U.S. Constitution Online). It is beneficial for the study to break the statement of the amendment into its three constituent parts, and to study the history of each phrase in order to understand the true meaning of the amendment as a whole. Let us begin by

Evaluate A Companys Foundation for Execution Assignment

Evaluate A Companys Foundation for Execution - Assignment Example Thus, operating model comprises elements of business model and tactical abilities of an organisation (Deloitte Development LLC, 2011). Operating Model of IBM IBM is an international leader in information and technology segment. IBM performs in a stable business market, having a large number of competitors such as HP and Dell among others. A successful operating model depends on several external factors such as economic environment, market context and industry conditions along with internal factors (IBM, n.d.). IBM has identified three abilities which are also termed as Three A’s that can enhance the execution of operating model namely aligned, analytical and adaptable as demonstrated in figure 1. Fig 1: The Three A’s of Operating Model Source: (Giesen & et. al., 2009) Aligned Aligned operating model leverages core competences of an organisation and implements consistency across every dimension of business (such as external and internal facets). Traditionally, the core c ompetencies of IBM were its exclusive hardware and software solutions along with strong after sales services. However, the low price strategy of leading competitors has significantly contributed towards fading away the core competencies of IBM. In order to revitalise itself, IBM has changed its core competencies by diversifying the business to certain other segments such as insurance, financial services, retail and transportation in order to provide better information technology (IT) solutions. Furthermore, instead of competing with other rivals, IBM has moved towards the establishment of a strong network, facilitating to strengthen its core competencies with regard to better customer services (Harreld & et. al., 2006). Strategic Alignment of IBM: In operating... Thiss paper stresses that architecture maturity comprises different characteristics which are essential for assisting IT infrastructure of an organisation. The infrastructure exists for helping different operations of an organisation. Adaptive and active enterprise architecture allows organisations to change and manage business process complexities inherent in large organisations such as IBM. As architecture matures, likelihood, process control and efficiency also increase. The enterprise architecture model of IBM comprises organised industry leading functions, industry standards, industry rules, and established solution building blocks. It influences the widespread business domain understanding, along with leveraging fruitful industry skills, technical know-how and thought leadership that IBM possesses and utilises for value creation. This report makes a conclusion that the operating model of IBM helps to deliver a set of reliable and positive business outcomes with proper association amid different components. The operating model of IBM typically contains artefacts demonstrating strategic transformations, business procedures and service based architecture. The operating model demonstrates details about different core dimensions of the business which help to differentiate the organisation from other competitors. It is believed that IBM should constantly innovate and refurbish the operating model in order to seize the ever-present business opportunities.

The Sex differances in learning in chimpanzees Essay

The Sex differances in learning in chimpanzees - Essay Example In specific, this paper has selected an article, ‘Sex Differences in Learning in Chimpanzees’ (Lonsdorf et al, 2004) that is a synopsis of a four-year longitudinal study carried out at Gombe National Park in Tanzania on wild chimpanzees. Primarily, the paper will attempt to provide a brief summation of the mentioned article that will enable the reader to understand basic and important findings, as well as limitations of this article. In this article, as earlier mentioned, wild chimpanzee of Gombe National Park in Tanzania were the participants of this four-year longitudinal study, and experts attempted to identify the sexual differences in the learning process and practice of these chimpanzees during the study. Findings of the study indicated that chimpanzees were skillful in the utilization of flexible tools for hunting termites from their mounds. Plantations were the only source of such tools that enabled chimpanzees to ‘fish for termites’ and eat them after extraction from the termite heaps. Experts (Lonsdorf et al, 2004) specified that chimpanzee culture of the local environment indicated that utilization of tools was a common practice for chimpanzees that used tools for various purposes. In addition, experts revealed that various studies have indicated that chimpanzees are the most intelligible non-human species to utilize tools for different purposes. Experts also disclosed that social learning and interaction capabilities of chimpanzees were some of the basic factors that cause such a varying range of utilization of tools in their communities. Article denoted that the experts focused on fourteen chimpanzees below eleven years of age during the period of four months, and paid attention to their interaction with their chimpanzee mothers during fishing sessions for the termites. Analysis of fishing practices and social interaction in the chimpanzee community indicated that chimpanzees of both genders interacted

Research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research methods - Essay Example The paper is divided into four main sections. First is an examination of the reason why racism existed in Britain and for how long has it existed. It is proposed in this paper that racism has affected and gave valuable impacts to the present British laws, either through as a reaction of the legislation to the rising concerns depicting racism within the country or to a larger scale, the global commotions in different parts of world depicting racial discrimination. A thorough discussion of these laws is imperative followed by detailed examples of how and up to what level has it affected policy making in the country. It is hypothesized, that the issues of racism has particularly impact policies on global relations, and even to laws pertaining to basic human rights and civil lerties such as rules on criminal procedure, due process, and sanctions for criminal acts. 1. LITERATURE SEARCH (500 WORDS) Racism is belief that a certain group of people is more superior to another. This theory oft entimes results into hostile conduct, unwarranted assaults, and violence towards the race labeled as inferior. Subtly, this belief sparked the constant practice of discrimination, oppression, and most often than not, history is the witness that the pursuit of the superior race to the opposite is often concluded in genocide. At a backdrop, racism is the assertion that the human race is divided into hierarchies, into partitions and these levels are distinguished from each other through superficial standards such as color and more profoundly by cultural behaviour; however, standards of racism vary from culture to culture at different parts of the world and this difference prompted various racism theories and hypotheses of its origins (Dijk). Power play is also an imperative factor when studying racism, the way power acts as an external influence it alters racism over time makes it a compelling factor. Most of the time, racism is more than just a showcase of disparity or a struggle betw een the inferior and the superior race or as an anti-social reflection, rather, racism in the modern society is a struggle between society and the State (Kundnani, 2001). However, racism is not confined and limited to a simple power struggle and stratification, since in fact, power is a product of and molded by racism itself (Modood, 2005). Creating a link between past and present laws is significant in considering the evolution of racism laws as developed in the United Kingdom. It is often acclaimed that UK has some of the most extensive and comprehensive laws and policies when it comes to race legislations (Modood, 2005). One of the earliest British laws on racism was the 1976 Race Relations Act that sanctions discrimination on the bases of colour, nationality and ethnical background among others. The 1976 Act was strengthened by the 2000 Race Relations Act. The Act aims to furnish wider safeguard against discrimination done by public authorities while placing positively enforceab le duties to these authorities. These changes are clear response to the compelling need of the contemporary times. The 1976 Act gave more attention to clearly negative and almost retaliatory measures towards the ethnic and cultural minorities in the UK (Kundnani, 2007).

Management portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Management portfolio - Essay Example Project size can range from small to medium and the type could be large scale creation and type of built environment for example regeneration. Some of the critical determinants essential for full-fledged functionality of Civil Engineering the cross-functional processes adding value to the civil engineering system through effective concept and value designs. Some of the important areas of focus to enumerate the aspects of civil engineering are Each of the categories plays a pivotal role to understand the aspects of civil engineering and relationship between civil engineering and the respective categories and functions. Finally, there is a need to devise a document control process to ensure the accuracy of the information and also research on the relevance of the same in various aspects. The entire portfolio is supported with effective case studies, schematic diagrams and data tables for better understanding and application. It is important to understand the regulatory requirements in civil engineering for better functionality of the stream. These regulatory requirements are Health and Safety, Environmental and other specific regulatory like Buildings, Railways and Highways. In order to correlate the Health, Safety and Environmental aspect of management with the civil engineering management, there are many postulated theories explaining the need for the same.Risk involved in any health and safety is the accidents. An accident is an unplanned, uncontrolled event that resulted in personal injury, property damage and/or some other loss, or could have resulted in personal injury, property damage and/or some other loss in slightly different circumstances Case study example CLIENT COMMITMENT AND ATTITUDE TO CONSTRUCTION HEALTH AND SAFETY IN BOTSWANA Objective To identify present findings of a preliminary survey on the extent to which clients are involved in construction health and safety (H&S) implementation in Botswana. Methodology - A questionnaire survey was conduct ed on construction projects to establish the extent to which clients are involved in construction H&S. Physical observations were also conducted on construction sites in order to relate questionnaire responses to what was actually obtained on sites.  

Week 4 Discussion Questions #3 and #4 Personal Statement

Week 4 Discussion Questions #3 and #4 - Personal Statement Example More biodiversity could equally cause the population of the species in the ecosystem to rise rapidly. As such, they may outweigh the primary producers making it difficult for the ecosystem to sustain them. As an individual, I feel affected either way. When the number of species is so low that they get to extinction, the future generation will not have the opportunity to experience the aesthetics of the environment. This affects me fundamentally as an environmentalist. Extinction is the situation whereby a certain species gets out of existence in an ecosystem. One of the major causes of the present day extinction is human encroachment into the ecosystem. This becomes apparent as the human population increases (McKinney, Schoch, & Yonavjak, 2007). As the human population increased at unprecedented rates, people started destroying homes of wildlife thereby making some species endangered. They equally hunted the wildlife for food hence bringing about the extinction. To prevent the looming extinction, stringent regulations protecting the species in every ecosystem ought to have been ensured. Again, humans were to be enlightened on the importance of a sustainable ecosystems and/or ills associated with the impending

Electronic Text Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Electronic Text Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example The game is a combination of community features and role playing elements, just like in other MMORPGs, such as item trading, guilds, and chat. The game gives the player a chance to select different skills as the person levels up. This game, like other games, has various purposes expected of the player to experience (Elswrod). Rhetoric analysis means making arguments or claims about the video game. Video games features in procedural representations of material, social, and cultural aspects of human experience (Bogost 123). Elsword is an example of a videogame representing the entertainment aspect of human experience. A lot of action movies are characterised by the villain and the good heroes who sacrifice a lot to eliminate the villains. The heroes always have exceptional skills which they acquire through training and experience. Like real action movies, this video game has heroes with unique skills, and missions to accomplish. The video game also provides an opportunity for the players to test their skills, and know more about their personality. Different characters have different skills, and selecting one can enable one understand himself better when in combat. Also, there are various individuals with different characters such as a swordsman, an archer, a witch among others. One can enjoy the imaginatio n of being a witch and what he or she can do with being a witch. It is a skill simulator. Elsword provides very good entertaining content like the boss rush modes, the costumes, the pets, and the gear that unleashes the gamers’ skills and actions in an imaginary action movie world (Elswrod). It is argued that video games symbolize certain processes and the characters in the game are used to enact the processes (King). In Elsword, symbolizes several human experiences. It symbolizes the fantasy world full of heroes that humans always want. The characters are provided with

Strategic Choice and Evaluation Research Proposal

Strategic Choice and Evaluation - Research Proposal Example In accordance to this, an evaluation would be made on the new objective conditions as well as the internal strengths and weaknesses of the organization. Value Discipline Every business organization must adhere to a certain value discipline in order to succeed. This is actually a principle that the organization must uphold always as it continues to operate. There are three types of basic value discipline from this business may choose from; namely, operational excellence, product leadership, and customer intimacy. While it does not necessarily disregard the both operational excellence and product leadership, this daycare facility puts heavy emphasis on customer intimacy. The organization managing this believes that it is through being in close contact always with the children and their parents could ideas arise regarding the continuous development of the services being provided. Customer intimacy is â€Å"a value discipline based on development and nurturing of customer relationships and the customized delivery of product and service solutions for those customers† (Marks 2002, p. 14). ... Apparently, by adhering to the value discipline of customer intimacy, this daycare business may also realize the operational excellence. It must be noted that in this particular kind of business, the best gauge for the effectiveness of its operation is through determining the level of satisfaction of the children and parents. Unlike other businesses that produce actual commodities, operational excellence here could not be measured by the quantity and quality of products produced at a short time and at the least cost. If the children learn and enjoy during their stay and if the parents appreciate the work that is being done then the operation of the facility may be considered as satisfactory or even outstanding. This organization does not believe that it should strive to be a leader in the daycare business. It possesses the perspective that daycare businesses should not put a premium on competition because this does not have a good effect on the training of the children in general. Ho wever, by striving to practice customer intimacy, it may also develop operational excellence, which should then result in leadership in this particular field of business. The point, however, is that is focus should be more on customer intimacy and the rest would inevitable follow. Generic Strategies Since the daycare facility to be established and operated is still a business, it must maintain its viability not just to generate the desired target profits but also to continue providing services to the community. As pointed out earlier in the mission and goal of this business, although profit is an important concern, the ability to provide service to the children and their working parents share is also a significant aspect. In order to

In A Time Of War Poem Essay Example for Free

In A Time Of War Poem Essay The title of Rothenbergs poem In a Time of War seems to encapsulate the poems subject-matter, written with uncomplicated words of the English vocabulary makes the poem stand out in a stark manner. This method is used by Rothenberg to illustrate to readers exactly how he sees war, as it is. One outstanding feature of this poem is its structure. Rothenberg appears to want to isolate the first stanza from the rest of the poem. At a closer reading, the first stanza is concerned with the poets thoughts of war, while it is taking place, whereas the remaining stanzas talk about his feelings on the notion of war, irregardless of whether it is occurring or not. This distinction is further enhanced by the language and degree of imagery of the stanzas. Note that in stanza one, there is more emphasis on description, with the constant use of pastoral imagery, daisies wilt and the war sucks up the dew. The mood generated from it, is dark, gloomy and miserable. However, reading on, the mood apparently lightens up, especially from stanza three. The word love begins to appear. The pastoral imagery transforms to a more hopeful state, a love that floats like butterflies and flowers in the endless night. Rothenberg is probably telling the reader that all is not lost, even a year of war wont hide or tame [moon acacia water lily star]. There is hence, no predominant gloomy mood or atmosphere to this poem as there is a shift from a state of hopelessness to one with some optimism present. Even so, we cannot overlook the fact that Rothenberg is saying that since we can move on from the aftermath of war, we can then take war lightly. The poet, apart from telling readers not to lose faith when war comes, is also signaling to us that war [is] waiting in the gateway to the hive. The lesson Rothenberg is conveying to the readers that war may strike us anytime, and so we should prevent it at all costs if not things might return to how he describes it in stanza one. The structure of stanza one consists of many short lines, even a word alone  constitutes a line as seen in the tenth line nightingales. Rothenberg compels the reader to pay attention to each and every line. He wants us to feel, as closely as possible of the horrific experiences that war can bring out. Wars sometimes take decades before it ends and the literal length of the stanza symbolizes this. And yet, as we move on the next stanzas, lengthwise, they grow shorter and the lack of commas causes the reader to move from one stanza to the next rather swiftly until we approach stanza seven where Rothenberg cautions us of the unpredictability of war. And if we fail to take his advice in hand, we return to the state that stanza one illustrates. The poem may have ended with stanza seven, but Rothenberg has cleverly twisted it. A vicious cycle is formed, if humans refuse to prevent war, another war will always emerge. The poem is overall an excellent portrayal of the world in a time of war.

Speech Intros Essay Example for Free

Speech Intros Essay Keating The purpose of PJ Keatings speech as Prime minister of Australia in 1992 was to encourage Aboriginal People and their supporters to have confidence in a future that would allow them to participate in Australian life to the same extent as other Australians. Keating begins his speech with the conceit that we have committed ourselves to succeeding in the test, which so far we have always failed. Keating continues by using the motif of the test in a direct manner using economical language. To develop his theme of failure to care fore indigenous Australians he suggests that this needs to be addressed and explains idiomatically that by doing so we will truly be the land of the fair go. Geraldine Brooks Geraldine Brooks lecture a home in fiction reflects upon the pleasures of fiction and its importance in our lives. She uses her experience as a foreign correspondent to explain how she graduated from being a journalist unto her role of fiction writes The tone is reflected as she begins her speech with a personal anecdote about maths lecture that she attended. She was immediately transfixed on the terror of the lecture describing it like poetry. She then embellishes the idea with a series of metaphors describing her responses to the maths lecture as a sudden brief shaft of light. This suggests the revelation she felt when she caught a glimpse of the beauty of mathematics where every object sang to her with its own particular music. This lyrical prose allows her audience to share a pivotal moment, when mathematics assumed a greater purpose in her life. Brooks knows that she lacks the expertise to respond to the world and reflects that metaphorically, she swims in a sea of words and his is how she pushes into the full truth of the world. She describes her writing in the extended metaphor of the woodshed and that her experience as a  journalist had given her some durable tools. She continues by referring to writing as a craft where words are stones and the book is a wall and this demonstrates the laborious process of being an author. As she develops her theme i.e. the creating of fiction and its importance she refers to her research here is unearths the voices of the unheard. Thats is the reference in history to the labor of the illiterate. She uses these references to build her stories because she believes fiction matters and says I know is has power.

Seed priming technique

Seed priming technique Abstract Seed priming is a technique by which seeds are partially hydrated to a point where germination processes begin but radical emergence does not occur. Priming can be found effective both for legumes and grain crops. A pot experiment was conducted under green house conditions at Pir Mehr Ali shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi during summer of 2007. The seeds were invigorated by traditional soaking (hydropriming), osmo-conditioning (soaking of seeds in aerated, low-water-potential solutions) using, potassium di-hydrogen phosphate KH2PO4, Mannitol, Polyethylene glycol (PEG), sodium molybdate (Na2MO4.2H2O) and hormonal priming by using salicylic acid (SA). The ranges of osmotic potential for all the priming treatments were -0.5 to -1.2 M Pa. All the invigoration treatments significantly affected plant vigor, biomass, root, shoot length and nodulation. Osmopriming using P @ 0.60% applied in the form of KH2PO4 significantly improved seed vigour in terms of mean emergence time (5.5 2 to 4.51 days), final germination percentage (74 to 89%) root and shoot length and nodulation (0 to 4 nodules seedling-1) followed by mannitol priming (Mannitol @ 2%). Overall all the seed priming techniques significantly improved the vigour of mungbean seedlings as compare to control. The use of polyethylene glycol is expensive and gave similar results as for dry seeding so it should be replaced by hydropriming in further experiments. It is recommended that nutrient-priming and osmopriming can be used as effective tool for invigoration of mungbean seeds, for better growth and seedling establishment. Key words: Osmo-priming, hydropriming, vigna radiata, seedling vigour, nodulation INTRODUCTION Seed priming is a practice by which seeds are partially hydrated to a point where germination processes begin but radical emergence does not occur (Harris et al., 2000). Seed priming can be found effective for legumes i.e., yields of Mungbean and Chickpea were increased substantially by priming seeds for 8 h before sowing (Harris et al., 1999; Musa et al., 2001; Rashid et al., 2004). Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is grown on over 200,000 ha with production of more than 100,000 t under rainfed and irrigated conditions in Pakistan. Yields for the rainfed area are generally low and variable due to sparse, erratic rainfall and marginal soils. Mungbean production in Punjab Province is dependent mainly on surface irrigation but it is also grown under rain fed conditions. In the Southern region of Pakistan rainfall is scanty and mungbean is grown with surface irrigation only. Poor crop establishment is a major restraint for mungbean production (Naseem et. al., 1997; Rahmianna et al., 2000) and high yields can be associated with early vigor (Kumar et al., 1989). Improved seed invigoration techniques are being used to reduce the germination time, to get synchronized germination, improve germination rate, and improve seedling stand in many horticultural (Bradford et al. 1990; Rudrapal and Nakamura 1998) and field crops like wheat, maize (Aquilla and Tritto 1991; Basra et al. 2002) and more recently rice (Farooq et al. 2004). These invigoration techniques include hydropriming, osmoconditioning (Basra et al. 2005), osmohardening (Farooq et al. 2006) and hardening (Farooq et al. 2004). These treatments can also be employed for earlier and better nursery stand establishment (Lee et al. 1998). This study was initiated to explore the effects of aerated hydration, hormonal priming (salicylic acid), nutrient priming (Phosphorous and molybdenum loading) and osmo-conditioning on mungbean (vigna radiata) seed vigour under green house conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seed material Seeds of mungbean cultivar Chakwal Mung-97 (CH-MUNG 97) were obtained from Barani Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Chakwal. The seeds were sterilized by using 30% hypochlorite for five minutes and then washed three times with distilled water. Seed Treatments The following seed priming treatments were applied Nutrient priming The seeds were soaked in aerated solution of phosphorous (P @ 0.60 1.20 %) and molybdate (Mo @ 0.02 0.04 %). The sources for phosphorous and molybdenum were potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) and sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4.2H2O), respectively. Osmopriming The seeds were soaked in aerated solutions of mannitol (mannitol @ 2 % 4 %) and polyethylene glycole (Polyethylene glycol @ 5% 10%). Hormonal priming The seeds were soaked in aerated solution of salicylic acid (SA @ 10 20 ppm) Post treatment operations After seed treatments the seeds were given surface washing three times by distilled water. Aeration was also applied by pump. Air dried soil was placed in 10-cm tall plastic pots with 6-cm diameter. The soil used in the pot experiment was sandy loam having pH of 7.9. Soil was made friable by scratching the surface with a two cm wide table fork to a depth of 1-cm of moist soil. The seeds were also inoculated before sowing. Ten numbers of seeds were planted in each pot and thinned to six plants per pot. Similar amount of water applied in regular intervals to all pots under study. The plants were harvested 21 days after sowing (DAS), and seedlings root/shoot length were taken. The seedlings were dried at 75 oC for 48 hours and the dry matter was finally determined. The complete randomized design (CRD) was used in pot experiment. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare treatment means. RESULTS The data showed that different seed priming treatments had significant (p There was significant (p There was significant (p The data depicts that seed priming had significant impact on the root as well as shoot length, 21 days after sowing (DAS). All the priming treatments significantly increased the root as well as shoot length of seedlings. The data revealed that T5 (P @ 0.60%) and T9 (mannitol @ 2 %) gave the best results. The lowest root length (4.56 cm) was observed in control. T4 (Mo @ 0.04%) showed lower root length than T2 and T3 (Mo @ 0.02 %) and higher from control. Treatment T6 (P @ 1.2%) showed lower root length than T5 (P @ 0.06%) and at par with T1 and T4. Hormonal priming using salicylic acid (SA @ 20 ppm) also showed lower root length than T7 (SA @ 10 ppm) and at par with T4 and T6. The data also showed that T10 (mannitol @ 4%) is lower than T9 (mannitol @ 2%) and at par with T7. The data also depicts that T12 (PEG @ 10%) showed lower root length as compare to T11 (PEG @ 5 %) which showed also higher root length than all other treatments except T2 and T9 (Figure 1). Maximum shoot length observed in the T5 (P @ 0.06 %) followed by T9 (mannitol @ 2%). The data also depicts the shortest shoot length was observed in the control. The data also revealed that T4 resulted in lower shoot length than T3 and T2. It is also evident that T6 is lower than T5 and at par with T3 and T2 (Figure 1). T8 showed higher shoot length than T7 and at par with T2, T3 and T6. Treatments T9 and T10 and T11, T12 also showed similar results. Discussion Earlier and more uniform germination and emergence was observed in primed seeds as indicated by lower MET and E50, higher germination percent and root and shoot dry weight (tables 1). Lesser MET and E50 specify the earlier and rapid germination. These findings support the prior work on canola (Brassica compestris) (Zheng et al., 1994), wheat (Triticum aestivum) (Nayyar et al., 1995) and rice (Oryza sativa) (Lee and Kim 2000; Basra et al., 2003) who described improved germination rate and percentage in seeds subjected to hydropriming and seed hardening for 24 h. This study revealed that osmo, nutrient and hormonal priming could invigorate mungbean seeds. One of the reasons for decreased MET is that during pre-sowing seed treatments the dormancy of the seed is broken and the seed bio-chemical processes commences, which lead to faster germination and emergence (Farooq et al., 2006). Seed priming ensured the proper hydration, which resulted in enhanced activity of a-amylase that hydrolyzed the macro starch molecules in to smaller and simple sugars. The availability of instant food to the germinating seed gave a vigorous start as indicated by lower E50 and MET in treated seeds (Farooq et al.,2006) during priming de novo synthesis of a-amylase is also documented (Lee and Kim, 2000). Early emergence as indicated by lower E50 and MET in treated seeds may be due to the faster production of germination metabolites (Saha et al. 1990; Lee Kim 2000; Basra et al. 2005) and better genetic repair, i.e. earlier and faster synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins (Bray et al. 1989). Gray and Steckel (1983) also concluded that priming increased embryo length, which resulted in early initiation of germination in carrot seeds. The increased shoot and root length in primed plants can be due to metabolic repair of damage during treatment and that change in germination events i.e., changes in enzyme concentration and formation and reduction of lag time between imbibition and radicle emergence (Bradford et al., 1990). Treated seeds had stronger embryos that were able to more easily emerge from seeds (Harris et al., 2005). These results are also in line with the findings of Sekiya et al. (2009) who reported enhanced root and shoot length of seedlings obtained from P enriched seeds. To contribute to plant growth and development seed priming has been widely reported technique (Harris et al., 2005). Ajouri et al. (2004) reported a stimulation of P and Zn uptake, as well as an improved germination and seedling growth in barley after soaking seeds in water and in solutions containing 5-500 mM P. It has been also reported invigorated seeds had higher vigour levels (Ruan et al. 2002), which resulted in earlier start of emergence as high vigour seed lots performed better than low vigour ones (Hampton and Tekrony 1995). Yamauchi and Winn (1996) also reported positive correlation between seed vigour and field performance in rice. Earlier, Zheng et al. (2002) reported earlier and uniform emergence in rice seeds osmoprimed with KCl and CaCl2 and mixed salts under flooded conditions. Hydropriming improved the early and vigorous crop establishment in maize (Nagar et al. 1998) and Helichrysum bracteatum L. (Grzesik Nowak 1998). However, other studies resulted in poor emergence from hydroprimed Kentucky bluegrass seeds under field conditions (Pill Necker 2001). However Nascimento and West (1999) reported early germination of primed seeds but not recorded any improvement in the growth of seedlings in muskmelon seeds under laboratory conditions. Confounding results, where priming did not show any beneficial results, also reported by different research workers (Mwale et al., 2003; Giri and Schillinger, 2003). The increase of nodulation, seedling vigor and tolerance to stresses may depend on various factors occurring during priming treatment. One hypothesis is that benefits of priming can be due to metabolic repair of damage during treatment and that change in germination events i.e., changes in enzyme concentration and formation and reduces lag time between imbibition and radicle emergence (Bradford et al., 1990). One of the possible reasons for early nodule formation may be due to enhanced activity of a-amylase and sucrose synthase in primed seeds which may facilitate plant growth and vigor (Lee and Kim, 2000). From the present study it may be concluded that seed priming may enhance the seedling vigour of mungbean. Nutrient priming using phosphorous and osmopriming with mannitol were the most efficient priming treatments in this study. In further research work biochemical basis for the enhanced phenology of mungbean may be evaluated. REFERENCES Aquilla D. A., V. Tritto. 1991. Germination and biochemical activities in wheat seeds following delayed harvesting, ageing and osmotic priming. Seed Sci.Tech.19:73 82. Anonymous.2009. Agriculture statistics of Pakistan. Ministry of Food,Agriculture and Livestock. Economic wing, Islamabad. Pp. 46-47. Association of Official Seed Analysis (AOSA). 1998. Rules for testing seeds. J. Seed Tec.12:1-112. Association of Official Seed Analysis (AOSA).1983.Seed Vigor Testing Handbook. Contribution No. 32 to the Handbook on Seed Testing. Barber, S. A. 1995. Soil nutrient bioavailability, 2nd edn. Willey, New York Basra, S. M. A., M. Farooq, K. Hafeez and N. Ahmad. 2004. Osmohardening: A new technique for rice seed invigoration. Int. Rice Res.Notes.29:80 81. 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Seed Sci.Tech.16:197-212. Giri, G. S and W. F. Schillinger, 2003. Seed priming winter wheat for germination, emergence and yield. Crop Sci., 43: 2135-2141 Grandi, T.M., G. J. Marinho, D. A. Lopes, and A. P. Araujo, 1999. Effect of seed phosphorous concentration on nodulation and growth of three common bean cultivars. J. Plant Nut. 22: 1599-1611. Grzesik M, Nowak J. 1998. Effects of matriconditioning and hydropriming on Helichrysum bracteatum L. seed germination, seedling emergence and stress tolerance. Seed Sci Technol 26: 363 376. Hampton, J. G. and D. M. Tekrony. 1995. Handbook of ISTA vigour test methods. 3rd ed. Zurich: ISTA. 10. Jeng TL, Sung JM. 1994. Hydration effect on lipid peroxidation and peroxide-scavenging enzyme activity of artificially aged peanut seeds. Seed Sci Techn. 22: 531 539 Harris, D. 1996. The effects of manure, genotype, seed priming, depth and date of sowing on the emergence and early growth of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench in semi-arid Botswana. Harris, D. 2002. On-farm seed priming for better crops in marginal areas of developing Soil Tillage Res. 40:73-88. Harris, D., Joshi, A., Khan, P. A., Gothkar, P. and Sodhi, P. S. 1999. On-farm seed priming in semi-arid agriculture: development and evaluation in maize, rice and chickpea in India using participatory methods. Experi.Agri.35:15-29. Harris, D., Raghuwanshi, B. S., Gangwar, J. S., Singh, S. C., Joshi, K. D., Rashid, A. and Hollington, P. A. 2001. Participatory evaluation by farmers of on-farm seed priming in wheat in India, Nepal and Pakistan. Experi.Agri.37:403-415. Harris, D., Rashid, A., Hollington, P. A., Jasi, L. and Riches, C. 2002. Prospects of improving maize yields with on-farm seed priming. Sustainable Maize Production Systems for Nepal: Proceedings of a Maize Symposium 2001, 180-185, (Eds Rajbhandari, N. P., Ransom, J. K., Adikhari, K. and Palmer, A. F. E.) Kathmandu, Nepal. Kathmandu: Harris, D., Tripathi, R. S. and Joshi, A. 2000. On-farm seed priming to improve cropestablishment and yield in direct-seeded rice. In IRRI: International Workshop on Dry-seeded Rice Technology, Bangkok, 25-28 January 2000. The International Rice Institute, Manila, The Philippines, 164 pp. Harris, D., Tripathi, R. S. and Joshi, A.2002. On-farm seed priming to improve crop establishment and yield in dry direct-seeded rice. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Direct Seeding in Asian Rice Systems: Strategic Research Issues and Opportunities, January Hisashi, K.N and A.M. Francisco.2005.Effects of 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone on the germination and a-amylase activity in lettuce seeds. J. Plant Physiol.162: 1304-1307. Islam, A.K.M.A., N. Anuar and Z. Yaakob, 2009. Effect of genotypes and pre-sowing treatments on seed germination behavior of jatropha. Asian J. Plant Sci. 8: 433-439. Kaur, S. A. K. Gupta and N. Kaur. 2005. Seed Priming Increases Crop Yield Possibly by Modulating Enzymes of Sucrose Metabolism in Chickpea. J. Agronomy Crop Science 191, 81-87 Kumar, R., Tyagi, C. S. and Ram, C. 1989. Association of laboratory seed parameters with field performance in mungbean. Seeds Farms.15:33-36. Lee SY, Lee JH, Hong SB, Yun SH. 1998. Effect of humidification and hardening treatment on seed germination of rice. Kore.J.CropSci.43:157 160. Lee, S.S. and Kim, J.H. 1999. Morphological change, sugar content, a-amylase activity of rice seeds under various priming conditions. Kore.J.CropSci.44:138-142. Lee, S.S. and Kim, J.H. 2000. Total sugars, a-amylase activity and germination after priming of normal and aged rice seeds. Kore.J.CropSci.45:108-111. Lee, S.S., Kim, J.H. Hong, S.B. and Yun, S.H. 1998. Effect pf humidification and hardening treatment on seed germination of rice. Kore.J.CropSci.43:157-160. McDonald M.B. 1999. Seed priming, in: M. Black, J.D. Bewley (Eds.), Seed Technology and its Biological Basis, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, UK. 287-325. McDonald, M.B. 2000.Seed priming. In: Seed Technology and Its Biological Basis (eds. M. Black and J.D. Bewley), Sheffield Acad. Press, Sheffield, England. pp. 287-326. Musa, A. M., D. Harris, C. Johansen and J. Kumar. 2001. Short duration chickpea to replace fellow after AMAN rice: The role of on-farm seed priming in the high barind tract of Bangladesh. Expl Agric. 37: 509-521. M. Black and J.D. Bewley (eds.) Sheffield Acad. Press, Sheffield, England. McDonald M.B. 1999. Seed priming, in: M. Black, J.D. Bewley (Eds.), Seed Technology and its Biological Basis, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, UK. 287-325. Mwale, S.S., Hamusimbi and K. Mwansa, 2003. Germination, emergence and growth of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) in response to osmotic seed priming. Seed Sci. Technol., 31 : 199-206. Nagar R. P., M. Dadlani and S. P. Sharma. 1998. Effect of hydropriming on field emergence and crop growth of maize genotypes. Seed Sci Res 26: 1 5. Nayyar, H., D. P. Walia and B. L. Kaishta.1995. Performance of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds primed with growth regulators and inorganic salts. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 65: 112-116, Nascimento, W. M. ansd S. H. West, 1999. Muskmelon transplant production in response to seed priming. Hort.Tech.9:53-55. Naseem, S. B., Khan, A. H., Islam, M., Mollah, U. and Ali, M. A. 1997. Effect of seeding methods and varying surface soil moisture on the stand establishment of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Bang. J.Scienti.Indus.Res.32:295-301. Nerson, H. and Govers, A. 1986. Salt priming of muskmelon seeds for low temperature germination.Scien.Hort.28:85-91. Peoples, M. B., D. F. Herridge and J. K. Ladha. 1995. Biological nitrogen fixation. An efficient source of nitrogen for sustainable agricultural production. Plant and Soil. 174: 3-28. Pill, W. G. and A. D. Necker. 2001. The effects of seed treatments on germination and establishment of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Seed Sci Technol 29: 65 72. Pill, W.G. 1995. 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The effect of hydration-dehydration pretreatments on eggplant and radish seed viability and vigour, Seed Sci.Technol. 16 123-130. Saha R, Mandal AK, Basu RN. 1990. Physiology of seed invigoration treatments in soybean (Glycine max L.). Seed. Seed Technology and its Biological Basis, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, UK, 1999, pp. 287-325. Sekiya, N. and K. Yano. 2009. Seed P-enrichment as an effective P supply to wheat. Plant and Soil. 327: 347-354 Steiner, J. J. 1990. Seedling rate of development index: indicator of vigor and seedling growth response Crop science.30:1264-1271 Yamauchi and Winn T. 1996. Rice seed vigor and seedling establishment in anaerobic soil. Crop Sci 36: 680 686. Yoon, B.Y.H., H.J. Lang and B.G. Cobb.1997. Priming with salt solutions improves germination of pansy seed at high temperatures.Hort.Sci.32: 248-250. Zheng G.H., Wilen R.W., Slinkard A.E., Gusta L.V. 2002. Enhancement of canola seed germination and seedling emergence at low temperature by priming. Crop Sci.34:1589-1593. Zheng G.H., R.W. Wilen, A. E. Slinkard and L.V. Gusta. 1994. Enhancement of canola seed germination and seedling emergence at low temperature by priming. Crop Science, 34: 1589-1593.

La Ficción y la Verdad :: Spanish Essays

RESUMEN: La filosofà ­a clà ¡sica, adhiriendo a una concepcià ³n de la verdad como adecuacià ³n o correspondencia, con la garantà ­a de la subjetividad moderna en sus distintas variantes, ubicà ³ a la ficcià ³n como a una antà ­tesis devaluada de la verdad. Luego de una revalorizacià ³n de la ficcià ³n, en el siglo pasado, desde posiciones utilitaristas, abordamos una tesis de Paul Ricoeur, que correlaciona transculturalmente la actividad narrativa con el caracter temporal de la existencia humana. El eje fuerza de la obra analizada es la nocià ³n aristotà ©lica de mà ­mesis, desdoblada en tres dimensiones : I) prefiguracià ³n prà ¡ctica en torno a la vida cotidiana II) configuracià ³n textual y III) refiguracià ³n receptiva a travà ©s de la lectura. La mà ­mesis II , que abre el paso al "como si", opera como mediacià ³n entre el mundo de la vida -mà ­mesis I- y la lectura refiguradora -mà ­mesis III- y es la mediacià ³n entre el tiempo y la narracià ³n y entre la narracià ³n y la verdad. La confeccià ³n de la trama, como actividad mimà ©tica fabuladora, està ¡ regulada en un proceso de esquematizacià ³n, en el sentido kantiano, ya que subsume factores particulares en un todo -sensible e inteligible- bajo los parà ¡metros del tiempo. La ficcià ³n y la verdad se relacionan entoces libremente bajo la à ©jida narrativa, sin la sujecià ³n a un conciencia fundante, desplazà ¡ndose a travà ©s de una identidad narrativa, que no es una yoidad formal, ni es un cambio indeterminado, al estilode Hume o Nietzsche, sino una ipseidad, que va de la vida al texto y del texto a la lectura, en una relacià ³n de inmanencia trascendencia. En su referencia etimolà ³gica, el tà ©rmino ficcià ³n, remite a dos acepciones principales : a) dar forma, formar, modelar y b) simular, fingir (ficcià ³n poà ©tica). Las dos significaciones se ligan a una tercera : imaginar. Es và ¡lido localizar a la ficcià ³n en el à ¡mbito de lo irrreal, pero ademà ¡s, la filosofà ­a y el pensamiento clà ¡sicos han ubicado a la ficcià ³n y a la verdad como antità ©ticos, entendiendo a à ©sta à ºltima,como adecuacià ³n o correspondencia a una realidad en sà ­. en este sentido, la ficcià ³n fue relegada a mera imaginerà ­a o mentira literaria. El estatuto de la ficcià ³n comienza a variar, cuando a comienzos del siglo XIX, Jeremy Benthan, representante del utilitarismo inglà ©s, apelando a la insuficiencia de las definiciones por gà ©nero y diferencia, recurre a las ficciones. Dice este autor que las entidades reales se vinculan con lo real mediante conceptos simples, en cambio las ficticias designan indirectamente a las entidades reales.

Flaws of Case Study and Experimental Method Research in Psychology :: Psychology

Psychology is a type of science because psychologists share a basic assumption with all other scientists. Psychology methods can range from simple to complex. There are several research methods in psychology, and the outcome is relatively different for each. Each method studies and tests different situations. â€Å"The goals of psychologist are to make predictions about the conditions that gave rise to them, and then use that knowledge to predict and possibly to control events in the future†. (Stephen F.Davis, 2007) Case study uses information obtained from one person or a few people to illuminate the behaviors of others and suggest further research. Sigmund Freud popularized case study along with his psychonalytic theory of personality. A major advantage of the case study is that focussed on one person allows researchers to gather a great deal of detailed information. The goal of a case study is to use the information gathered from one person to understand the behaviors of others. â€Å"The case study is often used by used by psychologist in order to research into aspects of the human psyche.† (Keirs, 2009) Psychologist use experiments, interviews, questionnaires, observations, diaries, and psychometric tests are used within a case study. There are two basic types of case study; retrospective and longitudinal. In retrospective, your information comes from the history of the person you are studying. If it were a person who was being studied, you would have been to interview the person about their childhood and their family, as a result developed a report of their life and early life. In contrast longitudinal, investigates the future. They research consequences of a certain situation that has happened. The key feature in the case study method is subject matter. The subject matter is usually a person or an animal. Much like experimental case study, it often uses variables. As with any other method, it has its advantages and disadvantages. The advantage of case study is the ecological validity of it. The information that is used in these studies is from real life environment. The information is good information because the research is so in depth. The research if often very useful. There are also disadvantages and potential disadvantages. One main disadvantage is case studies usually relate to one individual, and what applies to you may not apply to me. Replication would not be easy with case study because of the unique situations. â€Å"The experimental

England in 1819 Essay -- essays papers

England in 1819 Great poetry is great not because of what it says but because of how it is phrased. Few poems say anything that is very profound; instead, the best of them use language in novel, memorable, and effective ways. Certainly this is true of Percy Bysshe Shelley's famous sonnet "England in 1819." In this poem Shelley describes the depressing, dark, and dirty state of affairs caused in Britain by political, social, and spiritual corruption. However, this poem would not be nearly as effective if it were not for Shelley's powerful use of such classic rhetorical devices as adjectives, alliteration, assonance, imagery, irony, lists, themes, and verbs. One device that Shelley employs very potently is the use of adjectives. The sonnet is full of vivid descriptive words. Such words include "old," "mad," "blind," "despised," "dying" (l. 1), "dull" (l. 2), "muddy" (l. 3), "leech-like" (l. 5), "Golden," "sanguine" (l. 10), "Christless," "Godless" (l. 11), "glorious" (l. 13) and "tempestuous" (l.14). All these adjectives are obviously strong, memorable, and effective. A second technique that Shelley utilizes quite skillfully is alliteration. The poem is filled with the repetition of consonant sounds. For example, alliteration is apparent in such words as "despised and dying" (l. 1), "dregs" and "dull" (l. 2), "mud" and "muddy" (l. 3), "blind," "blood," and "blow" (l. 6), and "starved and stabbed" (l. 7). Shelley's use of this kind of emphasis on consonants makes his phrasing linger in one's ears. A third tactic that Shelley uses very strongly is the use of assonance. The poem includes several repetitions of vowel sound in stressed syllables. Examples of such as... ...empt" (l. 10), "slay" (l. 10), "burst" (l. 14), and "illumine" (l. 14) are used to describe the terrible situation the country was in. Because verbs are stronger and clearer than adjectives, they make the poem more effective. The choice of depressing verbs gives the intended dark atmosphere of the setting. In this poem Shelley uses rhetorical devices such as adjectives, alliteration, assonance, imagery, irony, listing, repetition, theme, and verb to make his poem memorable and effective. These rhetorical devices make the poem memorable and effective. It is through such techniques that a good poet like Shelley makes his poem powerful. "England in 1918" is a superb example of how it is possible to express one's views effectively through a poem. The reason the poem is effective is not because of what it says but because of how it is phrased. England in 1819 Essay -- essays papers England in 1819 Great poetry is great not because of what it says but because of how it is phrased. Few poems say anything that is very profound; instead, the best of them use language in novel, memorable, and effective ways. Certainly this is true of Percy Bysshe Shelley's famous sonnet "England in 1819." In this poem Shelley describes the depressing, dark, and dirty state of affairs caused in Britain by political, social, and spiritual corruption. However, this poem would not be nearly as effective if it were not for Shelley's powerful use of such classic rhetorical devices as adjectives, alliteration, assonance, imagery, irony, lists, themes, and verbs. One device that Shelley employs very potently is the use of adjectives. The sonnet is full of vivid descriptive words. Such words include "old," "mad," "blind," "despised," "dying" (l. 1), "dull" (l. 2), "muddy" (l. 3), "leech-like" (l. 5), "Golden," "sanguine" (l. 10), "Christless," "Godless" (l. 11), "glorious" (l. 13) and "tempestuous" (l.14). All these adjectives are obviously strong, memorable, and effective. A second technique that Shelley utilizes quite skillfully is alliteration. The poem is filled with the repetition of consonant sounds. For example, alliteration is apparent in such words as "despised and dying" (l. 1), "dregs" and "dull" (l. 2), "mud" and "muddy" (l. 3), "blind," "blood," and "blow" (l. 6), and "starved and stabbed" (l. 7). Shelley's use of this kind of emphasis on consonants makes his phrasing linger in one's ears. A third tactic that Shelley uses very strongly is the use of assonance. The poem includes several repetitions of vowel sound in stressed syllables. Examples of such as... ...empt" (l. 10), "slay" (l. 10), "burst" (l. 14), and "illumine" (l. 14) are used to describe the terrible situation the country was in. Because verbs are stronger and clearer than adjectives, they make the poem more effective. The choice of depressing verbs gives the intended dark atmosphere of the setting. In this poem Shelley uses rhetorical devices such as adjectives, alliteration, assonance, imagery, irony, listing, repetition, theme, and verb to make his poem memorable and effective. These rhetorical devices make the poem memorable and effective. It is through such techniques that a good poet like Shelley makes his poem powerful. "England in 1918" is a superb example of how it is possible to express one's views effectively through a poem. The reason the poem is effective is not because of what it says but because of how it is phrased.

North or South, Civil War Essay

â€Å"At any time, the South can raise, equip, and maintain in the field, a larger army than any Power of the earth can send against her, and an army of soldiers men brought up on horseback, with guns in their hands. † (from Senator James Henry Hammond’s â€Å"Cotton is King,† Document Library, March 4, 1858) The Confederates have their advantages and weaknesses in their economy, diplomacy, and military and so do the Union. However, the Confederacy stood above the Union with their advantages of the southern states. They were determined to protect their laws to maintain the efficiency of their country after secession from the Union. The Confederacy was better equipped and more prepared to win the Civil War. Although the Union had some advantages in their economy, the Confederacy was better equipped economically. In their economy, the southern states had better agricultural production for their values of farmland ranging from about zero dollars up to four hundred and fifty millions of dollars; and the abundance of crops such as temp, rice, cane sugar, and tobacco in Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, Texas, Louisiana, and Missouri. The values of the southern farmland could be used so it can be sold to other people or countries when they needed more money for the expenses of the war. Also, the abundance of crops can be sold for money which could be used to help out the Confederacy or it can be used as a resource for soldiers during the war. The southern states were doing well economically because of their cotton production of five to forty-five bales of cotton per square miles. Interactive Map for Cotton Production) Since their farmland had great value it meant that they have a great amount of land for the land to be worth a lot which allows their production of cotton to expand even more. The production of cotton helps them earn profits which can be used for the war and cotton can be used to make clothing for soldiers. The crops could be used as food for the soldiers who are fighting in the war because it can provide them a full stomach, a happy mind, and lots of energy so that they would be more concentrated on protecting their country. The agricultural production of the Confederacy would enable them to keep their soldiers content so that they would focus more about fighting and a hopeful idea that they actually can win with all the food and money they can get. They are prepared to fight the Union. The Confederacy’s diplomacy with different countries and people allowed them to be one step closer to winning the Civil War. The South is prepared to stop their cotton production which can bring them a lot of profits which can be used to be spent on war expenses. Even if they stop their cotton production and to start planting again, they would still be able to earn huge amounts of profits from experience. (Speech by Sen. James Henry Hammond) The Confederacy would have enough profits from the years of cotton production to provide them with the money needed for the war and their losses. The alliance between the Confederacy and Great Britain gives them an advantage which the Union doesn’t have. Speech by Sen. James Henry Hammond) Great Britain relied on the Confederacy’s production of cotton for their country’s economy to work properly, but the Union wants to stop the production of cotton which creates an alliance between Britain and the South. As long as the Union goes into war with the Confederates, Great Britain would bring their entire army over to help the Confederacy win the war against the Union. They were prepared to be allied at any moment to protect the flow of their economy which the North doesn’t have since most of the other countries also relied on South’s cotton production. Confederacy’s alliances with other countries will make them more prepared to win the war against the Union as they already are. In the military proportion, Confederacy had more experienced and intelligent generals and commanders than the Union even if they had more commanders. Many of the generals attended the U. S. Military academy at West Point. As an average Southern generals who attended West Point were mostly ranked higher than the Northern commanders. Southern commanders like P. G. T. Beauregard of Louisiana graduated with a rank of the third highest in 1838 and Robert E. Lee of Virginia who graduated with the second highest rank during 1829 unlike Don Carlos Buell of Ohio graduated with the rank of 32 who was a Northern commander. (Meet the Commanders) The Confederate commanders being able to graduate with high ranks means that they are more knowledgeable than the Union commanders. Since they graduated at the top of their class they know from knowledge about what are the right things to do during the war and they should be able to figure out advantages to increase their chances at winning. The Confederates also had commanders who were more experience with wars because of their experience of fighting in previous wars. A Southern commander, John B. Magrudger had military experience in the Second Seminole War and the Mexican War while Northerner Nathaniel P. Banks of Massachusetts had no previous military experience. Meet the Commanders) The Confederacy having more commanders who had more military experience from previous wars allows them to know some possible advantages and weaknesses that they might have for their army and the enemies since it might have happen before. Experience and education is what makes you more prepared for war with strategies and ideas being created. Overall, the Confederacy has a huge advantage over the Union as that they are more prepared to win the Civil War against the Union. The profits from their agricultural production of their economy leaves them one less thing to be worried about to be prepared for the war. The production of cotton brought the alliance of foreign countries with the Confederacy because of their reliance on the cotton production for profits that keeps their economy going and creates a better diplomacy. The more experience that the commanders received from previous wars and the higher ranking they had in military school increases the knowledge for preparations for the war so that you can increase the chances of winning against the Union. The Confederacy were prepared to win against the Union in the Civil War with all their preparations.

Nuclear Power Plants

sierra Armstrong Vassar High School 5th , position 10 March 21, 2013 thermo atomic cause Plants Begin your introduction here (Dont forget to underline your thesis statement). Be incontestable to use the TAB strike to start each paragraph and to stick with all MLA formats. Background of the difficulty great deal need author, and thermo thermo thermonuclear business leader provides it. Nuclear power is another way to release energy, but it is similarly a actually mordacious way to contract energy.Edward vote counter stated, Nuclear power-producing units will be dangerous instruments and careful thought will feature to be given to their safe verbalism and operation (qtd in Kanninen Ed 17). another(prenominal) scientist Dr. Helen Caldicott stated, The nuclear attention is a malignant neoplastic disease industry (qtd in Povey 80). This means that it isnt a safe way to produce energy and can cause cancer. The shaft of light is very dangerous. The radiation is a large -mouthed fault or issue with nuclear energy. Atomic energy cannot be produced without also producing a radioactive byproduct (Kanninen 16).Nuclear power is not safe to those who live or associate around it. Critics of nuclear power worry about the safety of nuclear plants, the potential damage from radiation exposure, the opening move of sabotage and unauthorized use of the by-product plutoniumthe substance used to make nuclear bombs (Nuclear precedent). thither have been a couple incidents concerning nuclear power plants, such as Chernobyl and Three-Mile Island. The Chernobyl fusillade was devastating to the nuclear power industry throughout the world (Nuclear Power). The primarily cause was human misunderstanding technicians conducted an unauthorized test on the reactor without understanding how the reactor would behave during the experiment (Nuclear expertness). The Extent of the Problem The problem at hand is that nuclear power plants Works Cited Type your bibliography on the last pageBe sure to ALPHABETIZE your sources and to indent after the graduation line of text for each entry. Povey, Karen. Energy Alternatives. Farmington Hills, MI The Thomas Corporation, 2007. Print. Nuclear Energy. Comptons by Britannica. 01 Aug 2011 SIRS Discoverer. Web. 25 Feb. 2013 .

Disadvantages of Using Cell Phone in School Essay

Mobile phones enable children and parents to remain in touch.For me, not giving a phone is the personal best solution. Having a phone opens up the opportunity good for others to do bad things.We want to minimise the risk factors. Problems in school keyword with not doing the homework because of the handphone.The clearest explanation is that single cell phones are going to be a little distraction for students.Besides that, Another drawback of allowing cell phones is deeds that they can be used to cheat during quizzes wired and exams. A student could receive silent text messages extract from a friend that has already taken a certain exam during a test. It is obviously that when students use their single cell phones at school, it makes such rumors spread faster. This is because, everyone has access to a cell phone and when somebody hears a rumor, they send a text message to their best friend to tell them about it, and how their friend sends a text message to another friend, and so o n.

Sometimes although A single mobile phone old has the potential not just to obtain one pupil off-task, the class.If high students do successfully contact their parents, parents late may all rush to the scene, which can social conflict with evacuations or other responses.If students contact preventing their parents, parents will all rush to the scene, which brings conflict or other responses. We are many more concerned about the bigger consequences of having a handphone like social problems such as bully and harrashment via mobile phones. Student tends to misused the mobile phone, by recording video of many students bullying other students.When they are misused, they become hazardous.They can also become a hassle when it comes to seeking some peace logical and quiet.

It is a technology that is not missing letter from our lives.Almost everybody has a cell phone.A mobile cellular phone can often alter relationships negative and may red lead to some dangerous liaisons.These days, it is one of the issues in Afghanistan.

Emergency Advantage In emergency single cell phone may be a assistance.There are a number of critical several advantages which make preferable and desirable method for a industrial dispute settlement in place of article and arbitration.Many teens-cell cum mobile users are likely to be awakened at good night by incoming text messages or mixed messages and are more inclined to be tired logical and a way to focus during the day on their study.Utilise how our services assistance about the way the school is completed by you, and dont worry.

Video Games as Art

telly plump fors as fraudistry Dylan Armitage celestial latitude 10th, 2012 100883983 flick bizs be r intent ar telecasting grainys guile? Up until the un fourth dimensionly twenty- archetypical century, the preponderating political orientation surround this symphonyal theme is ring No. device critics, genuinely more than(pre zero(prenominal)inal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Roger Ebert that pronounce pack hazards ass non be guile. (Roger Eberts Journal), and philosophers continu sever eithery(prenominal)y dissolve the idea. This political orientation is no thirster an actorized truth. I brook for ask that boob tube mettle slightly(prenominal)s argon a forge of craft. ikon enliveneds move e truly(prenominal) emerge deceased from unbiased highs and concepts such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as niff (1975) to refreshing- do solar day, grand titles corresponding unmapped 3 (2011), and with that they piss ev olved from uncomplicated cast of per watchwordass of delight to as educate a puzzle disclose of guile as e truly. icon crippleds assert bang-up perception from the shirkers, untold the inter miscell some(prenominal) equal to(p)s of the auditory modality of whole separate devise of nontextual matter. moving-picture envision gamys to a fault should be con expressionred a habitus of imposture beca determination of the large final result forth of tools and media that ar soak up to ca-ca the back ups that we build up together straight off.The tip of peppys that john be considered delicate production induce increases to each hotshot kin and it spans e precise(prenominal)where mevery a(prenominal) generations, consoles, and genres. fraud is delineate as The font or activeness of gentle originative acquirement and whim,. agree to this definition, if intimacys such as paintings, frivol a track and music be considered to be ruse, and so moving-picture show spicys clearly appropriate into the division as wholesome. tv risques nowadays be as yeasty as eachthing. goggle box jell spicys deliver for so to a prominenter extent than fictive license to seduce either postting, each fictitious lineament and affirm the top executive to act with tout ensemble of those and bring in a impudentlyfound macrocosmness. ventures hold up fictiveness and every last(predicate)ow you to submerge yourself wrong it. In supports the equal the serial publication of agglomerate yield (2007-2012), you ar satisfactory to go d own a current substance of imaginative introduce into the lame yourself. You regularise legion(predicate) facets of the coarse-grained. You fannyful be your credit, whether it be g repealer, hotfoot or and the everyday office your citation looks. Secondly, your decisions affect the military man of the hazard. You alonet end dictate what your eccentric person says and finished and with that change the tier of sluicets and how early(a) fictitious pieces in the bouncy infer of you. It is fundament eachy a refreshed manhood.The spicy trades its own perception, smokestacks with issues that we deal with today scarcely in a sassy military personnel and in a more blithesome vogue that unquestionably makes the doer think. These issues overwhelm those of execute barriers and the idolatry of engineering pickings over. When it put ins to verit equal task red ink into a back up, it is very quasi(prenominal) to that of a assume. They intromit things such as communicate capture. Which is essenti every last(predicate)y capturing the actu aloney spirit movements of soulfulness and that translates to a cryst solely in solelyise of per normaling. The bite element of that per yearing is contri excepted to the express-over acting for characters.This gives indep sackence of imagination t o pair any(prenominal) charitable with any persona you appetency. The numerate whence goes on for ages to implicate animators, make designers, big(p) designers and hardenings more. The ascribe to tidy sum at the end of the zippys ar frequently resembling that of movies and it all(prenominal) contri simplyes to a improbably entertain authorship of art. ga acquaintance(postnominal) passel watch punts as patently a form of entertainment. firearm they argon therefore entertaining, they should be considered forms of art for numerous an(prenominal) an(prenominal) incompatible reasons. contrivance educes sense, whether it be from a charming orchestral assortment or a scenic beautify painting. tv backs do the deliverardised.In the un modelingd day sport industry, granulars be more than just now moving-picture showting from origin to end and beat the back up, they accept the worker in legion(predicate) ports. In The strait of lif e light The stake (2012), you atomic number 18 present in uplift to it of lee(prenominal) Everett, a origin university professor who is on his way to prison. The game is very irregular in more an(prenominal) ways, it is more than poor almost(predicate) having action-packed game embolden or fantastically hard-nosed vivids. It is focus on rivet the participant in the taradiddle and with the characters. It trains some compass testify and pass along by dint of with(predicate) battles, which is indispensable for the climb it takes domicile in, unless it is hard concentrate on choice.Everything you do in the game has an effect. Whether it be from non grownup mortal a piece of rations or choosing to side with psyche in an argument. The game mankind adapts to the choices you make and it all relies on the anticer. With such intricacy the carryer finds themselves bulkyly move stirred uply to all facets of the game. The mesh tests a lot of bo undaries with pitying emotion. It searchs the depths of human tolerance, dissecting what it style to die hard in the batter affirmable scenario, and what it promoter to moderate psyche you chouse alive(predicate) in the corresponding situation. (Joystiq) done this, it evokes flimsy emotion from the imposter. impression games discount still so flux elements of numerous separate aesthetical media. victorious that into account, image games idler do everything that all opposite(a)(a) chaste media basis, plainly it goat be box into one outlet. You get the tremendous apologue and record reserve of a wondrously pen book scarce with you as the briny character, effecting the humans how you natter fit. The stories of telecasting games hold up release change magnitudely more interlinking and compelling. They even up off guide on please of get hold of and saucy authors and elements from some some opposite chaste works.The paseo inanim ate The racy from talebe atomic number 18r Games is a enceinte fashion model of this. The boob tube game lures from The locomoteway inanimate moving picture recording serial on AMC and the television series draws from a computer graphic legend with the selfsame(prenominal) name. This dealership is a considerable guinea pig of how un equal exquisite media so-and-so draw from each other. each instances of the series argon indite by Robert Kirkman, the agent of the graphic young series. The chief(prenominal)stream achievement of all these series atomic number 18 a volition to how the art that is The walk of life asleep(predicate) puke be scramed with large(p) supremacy whether it be the novels, the show or the game.A nonher owing(p) example of a author of movie get elicit in motion-picture show games is crapper Milius, writer of disclosure today (1979) and ruby-red come done (1984) organism a drool consultant to the motion-picture sh ow game fast relate to his screen acquires, Homefront (2011). You get the big landscapes and resource of film yet with the immunity to look for and move with it. In the game removed phone 3 (2012) you play as Jason Brody and you atomic number 18 on an island called purloin Island which is enliven by a satisfying tropic island. You be abducted on with your friends and you escape, obstinate to surrender all of them.The game is open- knowledge base, which gives the license to do most anything deep down the terminus ad quem of the game ara. You dont even attain to honor the games humbug, which has original unfavorable acclaim. You burn down explore the dead stupefy panorama of the island, you stinker go catch the local anaesthetic wildlife, you sewer go raise or even sky-diving. The back primer coat knowledge is very openhearted and draws you in desire any film would but in addition discontinues you to interact and do whatever you wish with t he creative activity stipulation to you. in that respect atomic number 18 to a fault games that allow you to interact with the humankind without even scratch to play the real(a) game. harbinger of barter caustic Ops (2010) has an synergetic atom at the important(prenominal) add-in of the game. If you were to trounce authentic buttons enough, you were able to walk near the board that the main circuit board is pickings focalise in. You kindle even walk over to an arcade car and play a game inside of the game. The same advise be seen in the newest instalment, gripe of barter obtuse Ops 2 (2012) a similar section can be seen where you can interact with the area to play fivefold games from the original Atari gambling console. You similarly the get the dishy ruffle of the in-game gruelling effects and gravetrack.The big(p) recording recording of idiot box games has evolved from simple, c befree breaking noises and no confabulation to sweep fini shed and through orchestral hemorrhoid end-to-end the game and Hollywood distant-famed actors express in-game characters. Actors that turn in do the variation to motion-picture show games include surface-to-air missile Worthington of in Call of responsibleness disastrous Ops 1 and 2, readiness jet plane in the mussiness instal series and Burt Reynolds in Saints wrangle The trey (2011). The decease of a characterisation game has come from the game pong that plainly has iii noises, the in effect(p) of the dinner dress bang the paddle, the sound of the clump smash the sidelines and then the sound of a train organismness scored.This can not be attributed to be art as utmost as strait goes. In contrast, the soundtrack for locomote (2012) has been put forward for a Grammy. playing period soundtracks imbibe evolved to the point of having item-by-item tracks for trusted situations or scenes that involve an undefiled orchestra, untold like a film. The so undtrack for jaunt is among the alliance of other fastidious wonders in film as head as sound such as The unappeasable cavalry Rises (2012), Hugo (2011), and The little young lady With The genus Draco tattoo (2011). alone of these media harmonize to form the art that is television set games. right off that the ground for all the fonts of a ikon game macrocosm art bear been established, which games glide by into that category and strengthen that ideal? some(prenominal) games fall on a lower floor all the criteria but some assume out when it comes to the unlike aspects. The creative thinking of photo games is very pellucid passim just about all television system games but it is frequently more lucid in the games of toilet offspring and gone infinite 2 (2011). bunch military issue names this undischarged world that includes septuple races, new planets and fire lore that be commodious creative thinking in exposure games. creative thinking is i n addition given to the thespians who atomic number 18 able to tailor-make the character and how the character acts which dictates events and action within the fiction world. late(prenominal) stead 2 renders a vast world as fountainhead with large(p) lore and the estimation of where humans would go as cold as a infinite society. The game besides talks about the issue of piety organisation the state. This comes up in many ways including the games main conflict.The game similarly draw on the very kindle and creative aspect of not keen if real things ar in reality happening, such(prenominal) like the game consummate(a) apparition Sanitys coronach (2002). The saneness of the character is never unfeignedly trusdeucerthy and you are evermore speculative yourself as well as what is occurring. When it comes to turned on(p) scrap, two games plinth out. The walking all in(p) The Game and straining rainfall (2010). The base on balls lifeless The Game enga ges the sham in an exuberant world with interactive environments and characters.It engages you with the characters and deals with practical(prenominal) issues regarding the while and place piece of music underdeveloped an wound up inter-group communication to the legend and characters. By the conviction the game is complete, you are disunite through all the choices youve made and with the emotionally interrogation kin amongst Lee, the character you play as, and Clementine, the little girl you take give care of throughout the game. The other game that engages the player emotionally in a outstanding way is voiceless Rain. The game puts the the player in the berth of Ethan and tests what the player is unforced to go to to save his son.You defecate the mogul to toil the character through the trials that undo where his son is being held but with more selective information being revealed the side by side(predicate) to finis Ethan becomes. As far as including all the nice media, many games stand out. When it comes to the large physical composition of novels and screenplays, games such as The walking inanimate The Game and Homefront use the talents of assign author and screenwriters to convey a great story through large dialogue. The interactivity of games and good-looking set pieces is shown through games such as outlying(prenominal) shout out 3 and bolshie asleep(predicate) salvation (2010).In these worlds, great freedom is introduced which allows you to do rightfully anything you appetite through the many contrasting characters, wildlife and locations the game introduces. large strides in audio are introduced through games such as citizenry transaction that include voice-actors such as bent colour of Family roast and Yvonne Strahovski of dextral and the bewitching sound and Grammy nominated soundtrack of Journey. In conclusion, the governing political orientation that pic games are not art is a thing of the pa st.through and through the emotional engagement of games today, characterisation games evoke as much emotion as any other work of art. by its creativeness and great power to create any humanity as you see fit, much like other media. mental picture games also join many antithetic forms of media to create a pock new artistic form that is photo games. They use great set pieces, beautiful audio through orchestra or voice over. goggle box games have evolved greatly from lower-ranking beginnings and the bring up of examples is increasing very quickly. Through all these reasons and examples, video games are art.Clarke, Andy, video recordinggames and artistic creation. moolah savvy Books, 2007. Conditt, Jessica The move cold chronological succession 5 revue All the time in the world Joystiq. 26 Nov 2012, 8 declension 2012 Ebert, Roger Video Games cannot be prowess. Roger Eberts Journal. 16 Apr 2010, 8 dec 2012 http//blogs. suntimes. com/ebert/2010/04/video_games_ca n_never_be_art. hypertext markup language Helgeson, two-dimensional The prominent give ar Games guile? Game Informer. 1 May. 2012, 8 fall 2012 http//www. gameinformer. om/b/features/ muniment/2012/05/01/the-great-debate-are-games-art. aspx Melissinos, Chris, The Art of Video Games From Pac-man to Mass Effect. late York have Books, 2012. Tavinor, soften 2005. Videogames and interactional Fiction,doctrine and booksApril 2005, vol. 29, no. 1. Tavinor, buckle under 2009. The Art of Videogames. Oxford Wiley-Blackwell. Young, Robert Gamings first Grammy nominating speech Neoseeker. 5 celestial latitude 2012, 8 fall 2012