The Early History of the Internet

On a cold war kind of day in 1969, work began on ARPAnet, the grandfather to the Internet. Designed as a computer version of the nuclear bomb shelter, ARPAnet protected the flow of information between military installations by creating a network of geographically separated computers that could exchange information via a newly developed technology called NCP or Network Control Protocol. ARPA  stands for the Advanced Research Projects Agency, a branch of the military that developed top secret systems and weapons during the Cold War. But Charles M. Herzfeld, the former director of ARPA, stated that ARPAnet was not created due to military needs and that it â€Å"came out of our frustration that there were only a limited number of large, powerful research computers in the country and that many research investigators who should have access were geographically separated from them.   Originally, there were only four computers connected when ARPAnet was created. They were located in the respective computer research labs of UCLA (Honeywell DDP 516 computer), Stanford Research Institute (SDS-940 computer), University of California, Santa Barbara (IBM 360/75) and the University of Utah (DEC PDP-10). The first data exchange over this new network occurred between computers at UCLA and the Stanford Research Institute. On their first attempt to log into Stanfords computer by typing log win, UCLA researchers crashed their computer when they typed the letter g. As the network expanded, different models of computers were connected, which created compatibility problems. The solution rested in a better set of protocols called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) that were designed in 1982. The protocol worked by breaking data into IP (Internet Protocol) packets, like individually addressed digital envelopes. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) then makes sure the packets are delivered from client to server and reassembled in the right order. Under ARPAnet, several major innovations occurred. Some examples are  email  (or electronic mail), a system that allows for simple messages to be sent to another person across the network (1971), telnet, a remote connection service for controlling a computer (1972) and file transfer protocol (FTP), which allows information to be sent from one computer to another in bulk (1973). And as non-military uses for the network increased, more and more people had access and it was no longer safe for military purposes. As a result, MILnet, a military only network, was started in 1983. Internet Protocol software was soon being placed on every type of computer. Universities and research groups also began using in-house networks known as  Local Area Networks  or LANs. These in-house networks then started using Internet Protocol software so one LAN could connect with other LANs. In 1986, one LAN branched out to form a new competing network called NSFnet (National Science Foundation  Network). NSFnet first linked together the five national supercomputer centers, then every major university. Over time, it started to replace the slower ARPAnet, which was finally shutdown in 1990. NSFnet formed the backbone of what we call the Internet today. Here’s a quote from the U.S. Department report The Emerging Digital Economy: The Internets pace of adoption eclipses all other technologies that preceded it. Radio was in existence 38 years before 50 million people tuned in; TV took 13 years to reach that benchmark. Sixteen years after the first PC kit came out, 50 million people were using one. Once it was opened to the general public, the Internet crossed that line in four years.

Unintended Consequences Of The State Prison System

Inadvertent Consequences According to Krisberg and Taylor-Nicholson, state budget cuts, lowering prison over-crowding, and improving corrections are the underlying reasons for the policy shift. Although â€Å"county custody costs (county jail) may be somewhat lower than state prison costs, shifting the custody and supervision costs of selected offender groups to the county will only cut spending in state prisons,† and may fail to lower the overall costs of corrections in California (Owen Mobley, 2012, p. 47). Whereas the state prison system seems to be progressing toward its population-reduction goal, â€Å"this measure is shortsighted and somewhat deceiving† because a â€Å"corresponding rise in county jail populations will continue California’s†¦show more content†¦That bodes ill for keeping ex-inmates from returning to crime,† as Joan Petersilia stated (as cited in Owen Mobley, 2012, p. 47). County jails are not equipped to â€Å"manage the influx of more prisoners, and for longer periods of time, as well as provide ‘evidence-based’ rehabilitative programs,† which has serious implications for confinement conditions and for the overall success or failure of Realignment (Owen Mobley, 2012, p. 47). Even before the Realignment Act, California jails were struggling with â€Å"crowding, court-ordered ordered caps on their populations, antiquated facilities and few programs† (Owen Mobley, 2012, p. 48). Counties are limited in their ability to address these concerns because of county-level budget cuts. AB 109 has other inadvertent consequences for parole and probation. Both probation and parole violators will serve their sentence in a county jail if their probation or parole is revoked. Although the state parole population is declining, county probation caseloads are increasing. The CDCR seriously underestimated how many â€Å"non-non-nons† would go to each county after six months (Owen Mobley, 2012, p. 48). County probation officers are currently supervising AB 109 inmates in significant numbers despite that rehabilitative programs and services are lacking. Incarceration Alternatives Counties will have to utilize alternative strategies to stabilize the increasing jail

Knowledge Audits for Business Knowledge Management

Question: Describe about the Knowledge Audits for Business for Knowledge Management. Answer: Synopsis The course that has focused on various aspects of business analysis gave me a clear understanding of the term knowledge audit. I have learned what knowledge audit is and how it measures the knowledge management of an organization. Therefore, I will now discuss my learning. Critique The knowledge audit is a qualitative evaluation. A proper knowledge audit exposes the strength and weaknesses of an organization. I have understood the ways through which knowledge audit can be done. According to Gourova et al (2012), this process involves answering the following questions. What does an organizations knowledge require? What resources of knowledge the organization have and where are they? What and where is the knowledge gap? How does knowledge flow take place inside the organization? What are the factors that hindering knowledge flow within the organization? The findings of these queries are the monitoring process that a knowledge auditor undertakes. According to Mohapatra et al (2016), both the individual and organizational goals are kept in mind while evaluating. I want to outline the effectiveness of knowledge audit, as opined by Rahman and Shukor (2012), these are as follows: It helps the organization to identify the requirement of knowledge both at individual and organizational level. It judges the knowledge management process based on the evidences. It exposes sets of unexploited knowledge resources. Knowledge audit provides essential information related to the development of knowledge management within the organization It brings out the relation between the organizational objectives and the prescribed or utilized knowledge flow. It creates awareness of knowledge management within the organization We can say that this is how knowledge flow benefits a business organization to gauge the present knowledge management scenario. As soon as the organization realizes what exists and what does not exist, it makes the strategic move. The knowledge landscape map, which is the final result of knowledge audit process, is an essential component for an organization. I have leant about some knowledge audit tools to evaluate the intangible intellectual capitals. As opined by Spong and Kamau (2012), four categories of it are: Scorecard methods Direct intellectual capital Return-on-assets Market Capitalization method However, researchers have proposed various models to measure knowledge management. Reflection I cannot deny that knowledge flow has gained importance with the spread of business globally. The competition has also increased. An organization can only sustain if he has made a proper strategy according to its desired objectives. Knowledge audit as a tool accelerates the process. Reference Gourova, E., Toteva, K. and Todorova, Y., 2012, July. Audit of knowledge flows and critical business processes. In Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (p. 1). ACM. Mohapatra, S., Agrawal, A. and Satpathy, A., 2016. KM Metrics and KM Audit. In Designing Knowledge Management-Enabled Business Strategies (pp. 89-100). Springer International Publishing. Rahman, A.A. and Shukor, N.S.A., 2012. Knowledge Audit Roles and Contributions towards Continuous Quality Improvement: A Review. In Knowledge Management International Conference (KMICe) Johor Bahru, Malaysia. Spong, A. and Kamau, C., 2012. Cross-cultural impression management: a cultural knowledge audit model. Journal of International Education in Business, 5(1), pp.22-36.

Tool Of The Trade Essays - Baseball Equipment, Baseball Bat, Batting

Tool of the Trade Tool of the Trade In any game, the equipment players use determines the way the game unfolds. Try to imagine a soccer game played with an American football! Or try playing tennis with the wooden racquets of thirty years ago. Change the equipment, and you discover a very different game. As part of my look at baseball, I decided to examine the tool of the baseball trade: Bats. Perhaps the most crucial and visible tool in baseball is the bat. A bat is the offensive weapon, the tool with which runs are scored. To understand the history and science of bats, I read a magazine published by Louisville Slugger, in Louisville, Kentucky home of the Hillerich Bradsby Company, Inc. (also known as HB), the manufacturers of perhaps America's most famous bat, the Louisville Slugger. Through the reading I learned how the modern bat came to be, and what it might become. In 1884, John Andrew "Bud" Hillerich played hooky from his father's woodworking shop and went to a baseball game. There he watched a star player, Pete "The Old Gladiator" Browning, struggling in a batting slump. After the game, Hillerich invited Browning back to the shop, where they picked out a piece of white ash, and Hillerich began making a bat. They worked late into the night, with Browning giving advice and taking practice swings from time to time. What happened next is legend. The next day, Browning went three-for-three, and soon the new bat was in demand across the league. HB flourished from there. First called the Falls City Slugger, the new bat was called the Louisville Slugger by 1894. Though Hillerich's father thought bats were an insignificant item, and preferred to continue making more dependable items like bedposts and bowling pins, bats became a rapidly growing part of the family business. Just as it was back then, the classic Louisville Slugger bat used by today's professional players is made from white ash. The wood is specially selected from forests in Pennsylvania and New York. The trees they use must be at least fifty years old before they are harvested. After harvest, the wood is dried for six to eight months to a precise moisture level. The best quality wood is selected for pro bats; the other 90 percent is used for consumer market bats. White ash is used for its combination of hardness, strength, weight, "feel," and durability. In past years, HB have made some bats out of hickory. But hickory timber is much heavier than ash, and players today want light bats because they've discovered that they can hit the ball farther by swinging the bat fast. So they can't make the bats out of hickory. Though Babe Ruth, one of the all-time great home-run hitters, used a 42 or a 44 ounce bat, players today use bats that weigh around 32 ounces. Even sluggers like Mark McGwire and Ken Griffey, Jr. only use 33 ounce bats because they want to generate great bat speed. How do you make a wooden bat you ask. Here's how. The wood is milled into round, 37 inch blanks, or billets, which are shipped to the HB factory in Louisville. There they are turned on a tracer lathe, using a metal template that guides the lathe's blades. These templates are set up to the specifications of each pro player. Then the bats are fire-branded with the Louisville Slugger mark. This mark is put on the flat of the wood's grain, where the bat is weakest. Players learn to swing with the label facing either up or down, so that they can strike the ball with the edge grain, where the bat is strongest. Hitting on the flat grain will more often than not result in a broken bat. Finally, the bats are dipped into one of several possible water-based "finishes" or varnishes, which gives bats their final color and protective coat. Each player selects the finish they desire, while a few players, such as former Kansas City Royals star George Brett, chose to leave their bats unfinished. Players today may go through as many as six or seven dozen bats in a season. (In early years, players used only use ten or twelve bats.) In fact, one player, Joe Sewell, used the same bat for fourteen years. Joe attributes the increased breakage of bats to the thin-handled, large-barreled design of modern bats, and to the use of ash instead of hickory. A pitch that jams you inside will almost always saw off a modern bat, while an aluminum or old-fashioned hickory bat might produce a base hit. Though the manufacturing process for

Dimmesdale as Tragic Hero essays

Dimmesdale as Tragic Hero essays One may ask how The Scarlet Letter would fit the structure of a classical tragedy. The answer to this question is quite simple if you know how to identify a tragedy. A tragedy is a story that depicts serious incidents in which protagonists undergo a change from happiness to suffering, and often involves the death of others as well as the main characters. In The Scarlet Letter, Dimmesdale follows this structure perfectly. He is happy in the beginning, and then declines into suffering and finally, death. Many people believe that despite his less than noble actions, Dimmesdale can be considered the tragic hero. In order for us to give him that identity, we must investigate how Dimmesdale fits the characteristics of a tragic hero. In my opinion, if Dimmesdale is the hero, he must be in a high social state, have a tragic flaw, and fall to his ultimate fate. Being the minister of the town qualifies Dimmesdale as a person of high social status. He is loved by many people for giving his intelligent and persuasive sermons. Almost every hero that has ever existed had this quality of high social status. If you look back into time, Beowulf, Superman, King Arthur: these heroes were all looked up to by many. In order for heroes to earn their names, they must have people that believe in them. In The Scarlet Letter, Dimmesdale had many people believing in him. His people believed in him so much that when Dimmesdale confessed to having sinned with Hester Prynne, they could not even picture him going against all that he has taught them. From committing the sin in the first place, Dimmesdale consequently became a more emotional and powerful minister, and his congregation had no idea that it was because of his shame. Dimmesdale had the townspeople on his side throughout the entire story until his confession and death. Dimmesdale had preached so str ongly about sinning that his own followers could not forgive him, and they plac ...

Apple, Google, and Microsoft Battle for Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Apple, Google, and Microsoft Battle for - Essay Example Initially, the journey of Google begins as one of the search engines. However, it gained popularity by its ‘copyrighted Page Rank’ search algorithm that allows the web clients to experience advanced results. Moreover, another main feature of Google is that it allows every organization whether small or large to advertise online through this medium. In order to experience superior web-based services and software applications, Google provides its users a low-cost and supple infrastructure. Microsoft: the business model of Microsoft mainly spotlights the Windows operating system that is available on workstations. In addition, the products related to Microsoft are good for both organizations and consumer users to work easily on desktop. However, Microsoft is still struggling to increase its business in order to keep the customers integrated. In this study we compare the main prospective of users shifting from Personal Computers (desktop) to mobile devices that are providing Internet services. The Smartphone or tablet device market is an economy of around $400 billion. The computing based devices are gaining popularity globally therefore every company is struggling to be in this race. In order to win in this struggle, companies must advertise and claim its large user following. In fact, Apps plays an important role for the popularity of the Smartphone or tablets. Thus, benefit is gained by the company who has launched the most appealing device enriched with loads of apps. Apple: (Reynolds) Mmore than 250,000 apps can be downloaded by the Apple Incorporated Users and thus making it at the top list. The earning are about 30% on buying every app. Apple Incorporated Only allows a controlled proprietary system that allows users to purchase apps from Apple store. Google: recently Google has launched the Android mobile OS operating system for the users of non-Apple products. There are several features that are not available in Apple Inc for example,

Land Law and Professional Advice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Land Law and Professional Advice - Essay Example However, it can be seen that there is some contribution from her in the land as she helped to â€Å"prop up the business and the farm†. In Jones v Kernott2, the male spouse left the house and stopped paying the bills and the mortgage. In his absence, his wife bore all the expenses. It was held that the wife had an equitable interest in the house and on the basis of equity; the share was 90:19 between the two. But in Lloyds Bank plc v Rosset3, upon sale by the husband who was the sole owner, the wife’s claim to a beneficial ownership was rejected despite her having made contributions in the improvement of the land. Therefore, Andrea’s contribution in the improvements to the land would be regarded as de minimis. From Fred’s letter to his wife, it can be construed that he did not want to authorize Andrea to make negotiations regarding the sale of the farm. Since Fred never really put Andrea’s name in the deeds and now the Land law emphasises on the nee d of putting such agreements into writing, Andrea could not have passed the title to Rachel Buchanan. From another point of view, since Andrea borrowed a â€Å"vast† sum of money from her father, it can be construed that she had made a big investment in the farm and her contribution might not be regarded as de minimis. From the judgement of Stack v Dowden4, it might be construed that Andrea had developed a constructive trust in the farm. This would enable her to transfer her equitable interest to Rachel Buchanan in the farm as seen in Chinn v Collins5. Therefore, Rachel now holds an equitable interest in the farm transferred to her from Andrea. Fred still has his interest and rights regarding the farm. Rachel mentions in her letter that there was an extremely valuable Georgian sun-dial in the garden. Andrea has taken the sun-dial and left the plinth. Rachel wants the sun-dial back. The contract was between Rachel and Andrea. At that time, Rachel had not seen the estate. Hence , she did not know that there was a sun-dial on the estate and it was not essential to her prospective business either. In Berkley v Poulett6, the seller had removed some pictures and a sun-dial. The buyer sought recovery of those items. It was held that the sun-dial was not a fixture and was affixed for mere enjoyment. The seller was entitled to remove it at any time as he pleased. Similarly, Andrea is entitled to have the sun-dial in her possession as it did not form a part of the contract and Rachel had no knowledge of its existence at the time of the contract. Rachel can have the plinth and it might be regarded as a fixture since it might do some damage to the land upon its removal. From Matthew Williams’ letter to Fred, it can be easily construed that Fred had completed the contract of transfer of the extension to the Hopgood farms to Matthew. The legal requirements are fulfilled and everything has been put into writing. Mathew is now entitled to obtain possession of the land and Fred is holding the land for him. However, a letter from Beryl Stanforth, the owner of Grange Farm, to Fred suggests that she has an equitable interest in the land and her permission is required to lease the land. Mathew has written in his letter that when he went to the estate, he had an encounter with Beryl. This means that he could have made